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The Surrounded, by D'Arcy McNickle
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As The Surrounded opens, Archilde León has just returned from the big city to his father's ranch on the Flathead Indian Reservation in Montana. The story that unfolds captures the intense and varied conflict that already characterized reservation life in 1936, when this remarkable novel was first published.
Educated at a federal Indian boarding school, Archilde is torn not only between white and Indian cultures but also between love for his Spanish father and his Indian mother, who in her old age is rejecting white culture and religion to return to the ways of her people. Archilde's young contemporaries, meanwhile, are succumbing to the destructive influence of reservation life, growing increasingly uprooted, dissolute, and hopeless. Although Archilde plans to leave the reservation after a brief visit, his entanglements delay his departure until he faces destruction by the white man's law.
In an early review of The Surrounded, Oliver La Farge praised it as "simple, clear, direct, devoid of affectations, and fast-moving." He included it in his "small list of creditable modern novels using the first Americans as theme." Several decades later, long out of print but not forgotten, The Surrounded is still considered one of the best works of fiction by or about Native Americans.
- Sales Rank: #5109720 in Books
- Published on: 1998
- Number of items: 1
- Binding: Paperback
- 297 pages
Review
"Perhaps the most interesting aspect of McNickle's book is his success in capturing the whole in small compass, by the exercise of a thoroughly artistic selection, and writing of such sorts that the reader is primarily interested in an excellent story as such, and only secondarily in the background, which he gets in proper balance."
Perhaps the most interesting aspect of McNickles book is his success in capturing the whole in small compass, by the exercise of a thoroughly artistic selection, and writing of such sorts that the reader is primarily interested in an excellent story as such, and only secondarily in the background, which he gets in proper balance.
From the Inside Flap
A novel set on the Flathead Indian Reservation in Montana.
From the Back Cover
This book reveals the story that captures the intense and varied conflicts that characterized reservation life in 1936.
Most helpful customer reviews
18 of 18 people found the following review helpful.
The Surrounded: A Book for our Times
By Rebecca J. Hefty
Some of the best books are those that have been retrieved from the shelf and dusted off. Such is the case with The Surrounded, first published in 1936 by the late Native American anthropologist, D'Arcy McNickle. Through this singular work of fiction McNickle attempted to generate understanding about the realities of a people and a culture disrupted and all but destroyed by assimilation into white society. The Surrounded is a measuring stick by which we can read the failures and progress of first Americans and America itself.
The Surrounded is replete with oral origin stories and native traditions juxtaposed with the poignant stories of characters representative of a culture divided and camped on the edge of extinction. Set on the Flathead Indian Reservation in Montana, McNickle's story revolves around Archilde Leon, a young Native American educated in white ways who struggles with feelings of alienation when he encounters the unchanged dysfunction of his own family and the longing of his tribe for the old ways:
. . . it was funny to come home and sit at his mother's feast. His eyes saw the old faces, faces he had forgotten about, never thought to see again; and now to be sitting in the circle of firelight and looking at them-but it wasn't really funny, not deeply funny. The deeper feeling was the impatience, irritation, an uneasy feeling in the stomach. Why could he not
endure them for just these few hours? Why did they make him sick? (62)
Even as he eventually softens toward his own culture, Archilde is caught up and ultimately destroyed by the influences of the reservation. Archilde's story could be that of any reservation Native today.
The Surrounded portrays a Native culture encompassed and diminished by white neighbors, white law, and a white social system. Rather than blending or accepting help, however, the people cling tenaciously to tribal loyalties, even when it means their destruction. Symbolically, Archilde attempts to rescue an emaciated mare and her foal existing in a grueling land. Despite her extreme condition, the frustrated Archilde cannot reach her-she is simply too wild to understand that he is trying to help. In a desperate attempt to save the creature, he ends up driving her to her death: "The sun had set and in the evening light a rider on a strong white horse led an unprotesting skeleton on a rope. It was grotesque" (241). Prophetically, the scene depicts his own fall, and reflects the fine line that modern first Americans walk.
McNickle's writing captured the Native American heart, at once spirited and broken, and projected it down through the years to the present. As literature that imparts empathy for the dilemma of first Americans, The Surrounded is a book for our times.
10 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Thoughts on McNickle's The Surrounded
By Jessica B.
D'Arcy McNickle's The Surrounded, is an excellent fictional text. Written around the time that can be referredto as "forced assimilation", "The Surrounded" deals with identity conflicts affecting Native youth. Native kids are being forced to attend boarding schools in order to assimilate to white culture. The protagonist, Archilde, is torn between pursuing life within the context of white or Native tradition. His mother is Salish and his father is an immigrant farmer from Spain. This further complicates his search for identity, because, while his mother is Salish, and does not want to assimilate, his father is Spanish, and is already an example of an assimilated minority.
The text does an excellent job of incorporating the thoughts of all the characters, and it is interesting to consider what is and is not "lost in translation" between the characters. I am not speaking merely about the translation of languages, but of the ways in which the characters perceive one another, how correct these perceptions are, and to what degree these perceptions affect their actions in the novel. Native and white cultures want Archilde to assimilate in their interest. The dialogue between language and cultures is fascinating. In the beginning, Archilde seems to be very interested in white culture, but as time rolls along, and he explores the effects of assimilation on the reservation, his viewpoint begins to shift.
Archilde's progression throughout the novel and the ways in which he learns and begins to understand those around him, is written in a poignant and emotional way that does not beg sympathy. Instead, the writing asks for understanding. The reader is asked to consider the perspective of U.S. history from the other side in a way that he/she can relate to through character usage. In this way, McNickle's work is an essential read for anyone who wishes to understand a little bit better, one small piece of the complex history between colonists and Indians, as told by one who experienced it.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Review of The Surrounded
By Lydia
The Surrounded by D'Arcy McNickle is a heartaching story of the Salish Indians who were forced into a place of "in-between" through the conversion of the tribe to the Catholic faith and the loss of their reservation land, through sale, to the white man.
The narrative follows Archilde, the second to youngest son of Max Leon, a Spaniard, and Catharine, a Salish woman. Archilde is one of seven sons - each of whom has chosen to live in a sort of disregard for the traditions and desires of Max.
Every character in this book has layers of layers of complexity. Archilde is viewed by his mother as one person, his father another, and the people surrounding him as yet another. Max Leon surprises again and again with his choices, Catharine's character is a beautiful portrayal in the heartbreak that can occur when tradition is squashed beneath the ideas of "civilization," and the supporting cast provide the necessary surroundings for the story to evolve in a way that was representative of the time and history of the Salish people in Montana.
I loved this book for it's honest, relevant message. It was written in the 1930s, but continues to be a treasure of a book. The Salish live in these pages - not in their original lifestyle, but rather a as a reminder of what happens when one culture pressures another into a life and set of beliefs which are not their own.
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